Informatics Publishing Limited

Angelina Vladimirovna Shakhanova ¹, Tatyana Vasilyevna Chelyshkova ¹, Andrei Aleksandrovich Kuzmin ¹, Mikhail Nikolayevich Silantyev ¹, Svetlana Stanislavovna Grechishkina ¹

Affiliations
1 Adyghe State University, Maykop, Russia

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Methodology of athletes’ health improvement should be based on integrated consideration of the body features. Search for dependence and functional capabilities of the body on anthropometric typology can be a criterion for the development of individual methods of adaptation in the course of muscular activity. Methods: The experiment was carried out on a longitudinal basis for 3 years. The examination cohort included young athletes of Children’s and Youth Sports School of Olympic Reserve. In total, 80 persons aged from 10 to 20 were examined. Results: Somatotypological approach was suggested for solving the problem of individualization of training loads. The authors showed that in the course of basketball and football trainings the representatives of brachymorphic somatotype formed the primary risk group: they demonstrated the lowest VO2Max values, while the highest values were found among the representatives of different somatotypes in aerobic performance of the body, which determines individual typological differences in general stamina and adaptive capabilities of athletes’ bodies. Consideration of typological features of athletes’ constitution and assessment of aerobic performance of the body form a unified set of information, on the basis of which adequate and personalized recommendations can be developed resulting in optimization of motional modes for a particular group of exercisers. Application: Recognition of typological peculiarities of athletes allows setting regulatory requirements in accordance with adaptive capabilities of athletes. This article is of value for teachers and trainers of Youth Sports Schools of Olympic Reserve and sports departments, sports medicine doctors and students.

Keywords

Basketball, Football, General Stamina, Maximum Oxygen Consumption (VO2Max), Somatotype, Students, Young Basketball Players, Young Football Players.

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Ekaterina Vladimirovna Kalnaya ¹, Angelina Vladimirovna Shakhanova ¹, Aslan Khangireevich Agirov ¹, Andrey Aleksandrovich Kuzmin ¹, Tatyana Vasilyevna Chelyshkova ¹, Aida Rustemovna Cheuzheva ¹

Affiliations
1 Adygea State University, Maykop, Russia

Abstract

Objectives: The study of effect of sports loads on adaptive and regulatory capabilities of female students’ bodies with various motion states is of interest from the perspective of discovery of mechanisms of long-term and individual adaptation to physical effects. Method: Female students, which are the members of volleyball and basketball group (53 persons) aged 18-21, served as test subjects. Female students not engaged in sports activities (save for 2 hours of physical education per week) have been examined as a control group. Electrocardiogram (ECG) recording and calculation of heart rate variability (HRV) were carried out by means of Poly-Spectrum-8/EX hardware and software complex in prone position for 5 minutes. Findings: Two regulation groups have been identified in each sport: with the predominance of central and autonomous type of regulation. The first group with the predominance of central type of regulation is characterized with lower values of time analysis – SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50%, CV% – and high SI. The predominance of slow waves of the first order (LF) and the second order (VLF) has been registered in the rate spectrum. Sports physical loads result in growth of general power of regulatory impact, which increases adaptive capabilities of female athletes’ bodies. Sports activity in the course of volleyball and basketball training sharpen tension of adaptive mechanisms and significantly increase “adaptation price” for representatives of the first group; especially high tension of adaptive mechanisms was found in the first group of female basketball players. The most favorable adaptive status was shown by female athletes of group 2, which makes it possible to conclude that sports physical loads favorably affect female athletes of this group, since they had significantly higher adaptive potential as compared to the test subjects. Application: In general, sports activities promote normalization of regulatory mechanisms status and reduction of quantity of members of the first adaptation group (with predominance of central regulation type). Such regulation type is characteristic of the absolute minority of female athletes, while a half of the test subjects, who are not female athletes, demonstrate such regulation type.

Keywords

Adaptive and Regulatory Peculiarities, Basketball, Female Students,Cardiovascular System, Heart Rate Variability, Vegetative Nervous System, Volleyball.

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Kazbek Dovletmizovich Chermit ¹, Anatoliy Gennadievich Zabolotniy ¹, Angelina Vladimirovna Shakhanova ¹, Aslan Khangireevich Agirov ¹, Таtyana Vasilyevna Chelyshkova ¹

Affiliations
1 Adygea State University, Maykop, RU

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Study of symmetry in the structure and functioning of human body does not have a long-term history. In 1848 L. Pasteur discovered symmetric interrelations, thereby laying the groundwork of the molecular asymmetry doctrine, which was the first stage in the intensive study of laterality of organic compounds. References to correlation between symmetry and asymmetry are fragmentary in human physiology. Modern literature does not analyze the study of kinematic structure of a human being motion as a symmetry object. This article is aimed at determining the occurrence of dynamic symmetry and dynamic asymmetry of the kinematic structure of natural locomotions in the course of sports perfection and individual development of a human being in the ontogeny. Methods: Modern methods of registration of kinematic characteristics offer the possibility of objective assessment of the kinematic structure form of natural locomotions. This circumstance enables to apply the systematic and symmetrical method of cognition of biological processes for studying kinematic structure of human motion. Findings: Study of kinematic structure of natural locomotions has been carried out in this article as exemplified by squatting of powerlifters and children aged 5 and 6. Kinematic characteristics were registered on the basis of optical system of three-dimensional video analysis of movements. “Movement Video Analysis” software enables registration of change of angular movements in joints. It was found that spatiotemporal movements in joints during squats done by powerlifters occur in the form of dynamic symmetry and dynamic asymmetry. Dynamic symmetry of joint movement is characterized by kinematic structure, when spatiotemporal angular movement during joint extension is a reverse spatiotemporal angular movement during flexion. Violation of dynamic symmetry reveals in case of increase in poundage by more than 60% of the maximum. In the course of individual development dynamic symmetry of angular movements in ankle, knee and hip joints is formed in a heterotropic mode. Dynamic symmetry of spatiotemporal angular movements in knee joints is formed by six years of age. Dynamic asymmetry is characteristic of this and angular movement in hip and ankle joint. Application: The obtained data will enable to develop methods for assessing quality of realization of human movement skills on the basis of systematic and symmetrical approach.

Keywords

Kinematic Structure, Natural Locomotions, Symmetry/Asymmetry.

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Angelina Vladimirovna Shakhanova ¹, Tatyana Vasilyevna Chelyshkova ¹, Aslan Khangireevich Agirov ¹, Kazbek Dovletmizovich Chermit ¹, Andrey Aleksandrovich Kuzmin ¹

Affiliations
1 Federal State-Funded Educational Institution of Higher Education, Adygea State University, Russian Federation, Maykop, RU

Abstract

Objectives: The article is aimed at research of somatotropic function of boys’ pituitary gland and adrenal cortex in a state of relative rest and under physical load for adequate and complete assessment of their functional capabilities. Methods: Functional capabilities of somatotropic pituitary gland function were examined using PWC170 test. The level of activity of pituitary gland and adrenal cortex was examined by radioimmunoassay technique before the load and in 15 and 45 minutes after the load. The results were statistically processed according to the Student-Fisher variation, statistic technique and rank correlation method, the variability of parameters was assessed by means of the variability coefficient. Findings: To determine the functional reserve of pituitary gland and growth capabilities of the body, a comparative assessment of somatotropin dynamics was made in the state of relative rest and under various loads. The following results have been achieved: comparative assessment of pituitary gland response under different kinds of physical load, identification of its peculiarities, characteristics of general rules of pituitary gland response to the examined loads on boys in the course of somatic growth, simultaneous examination of the response of pituitary gland (with respect to somatotropin) and adrenal cortex (with respect to cortisol) under various loads. This paper shows that pituitary gland activity increases under physical load with PWC170 power. Pituitary gland response in the 45th minute is more significant than response in the 15th minute after the load. In each specific case, the trend of response (increase or decrease), incremental value of somatotropin and the rate of response were subject to the value of the initial level of pituitary gland activity. Application: This article is of practical value for hormonal therapy.

Keywords

Cortisol,Hormones, Physical Load, Pituitary Gland, Somatotropin, Young Sportsmen.

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